![]() ![]() However, once enough demand and supply were created, local governments turned to New Public Management (NPM) to operate publicly funded eldercare institutions. An urban eldercare market, including an eldercare labour market, was created by local governments (i.e., municipalities, districts, counties, and towns) with central government policy directives, in order to address China’s demographic aging and care crisis. All this was needed for the market to flourish while maintaining and strengthening the regime. The paper investigates China’s effort to create an eldercare market to shed light on how China’s economic reform entailed the creation of new institutions (e.g., eldercare market including eldercare labour market) and the reconfiguration of existing institutions (e.g., governance and regulation, the family, and the community). These findings advance our understanding of the endogenous political nature of political selection rules and the relations between informal institutions and policy performance. Under such incentive arrangements, local leaders are found to expand government spending in the policy area prioritized in formal political selection rules. In addition, the effect of policy performance on local leaders’ promotion prospects is not uniform but conditioned on the political selection rules. The geographic variation in specific features of the political selection rules is primarily driven by coalitional politics. Drawn from an original dataset of political selection rules in China, this analysis finds that coalitions with particular policy priorities strive to achieve desired policy outcomes through shaping formal political selection institutions. Using multilevel modeling and error correction models, hypotheses on the determinants and implications of formal political selection rules are tested. Departing from this common emphasis, this article highlights their linkage function between informal politics and policy outcomes. Political selection institutions in non-democracies are usually conceptualized as mechanisms to co-opt competent agents for regime survival. ![]() This study shows that to understand the strategies, motivations and implications of gaming better, a more nuanced approach is needed. In addition, the system's implementation practically compels local officials to misrepresent their performance, even though they are aware of the negative impact of such behaviour on the public interest. It finds that the distinct design of the measurement system – the combination of result-oriented targets imposed from above and high-powered incentives for target fulfilment – induces pernicious gaming. It develops a typology that distinguishes between pernicious and benign gaming, and looks into the symptoms and motives of pernicious gaming in particular. How do these gaming strategies differ from each other? Why do local officials sacrifice the public interest for target fulfilment in some cases but not in others? This article argues that gaming is not monolithic and should not be treated as such. There are signs that the new Monster Hunter Rise, a Nintendo-Switch exclusive which isn't available on the Chinese console edition, is stoking much interest among local players in recent weeks and may have driven some imports.The implementation of China's reform era target-based cadre evaluation system has instigated various types of gaming behaviour on the part of local officials. Over the past year, Apple's China App Store removed thousands of games to wipe out games without China's official greenlight. Imported cartridges and console devices can still be found on smaller Taobao stores and alternative platforms like Pinduoduo by searching the right keyword. One seller named the "Shanghai Gaming Console Store" said it suspended its business at the request of Taobao, without elaborating further. It's unclear how many imported consoles and console games were taken down from Taobao and what triggered the purge. Many Chinese players thus resort to brick-and-mortar electronics bazaars and online marketplaces to find imported editions of PlayStation, Xbox, and Nintendo Switch, along with their games. A trove of imported console games vanish from Chinese online storesĪ handful of grey market videogame console vendors on Taobao stopped selling and shipping this week, according to checks by TechCrunch and online posts by gamers. ![]()
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